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Grammar
|Subject |It’s always easy to | | |It’s hard to | | |It’s important to | | |It gives him pleasure to | | |It’s dangerous to | | |It’s wise of him to | | |It does people a lot of good to| | | | | |It won’t do you any harm to | | |It has become his habit to | | |It surprised me to | | |It made me feel awkward to | | |It was natural to | |Part of a compound verbal modal |1. Modal verbs: can, may, must, | |predicate. |to be to, to have to, should, | | |ought, will, would, shall, need.| | | | | |2. Modal expressions had better,| |Part of a compound verbal aspect|would rather. | |(вид) predicate. |The verbs expressing the | | |beginning, the duration, the | | |repetition, the end of the | | |action: to begin, to start, to | | |commence, to continue, to cease,| | |used to+Inf, would + Inf. | |Part of a compound nominal |It is hard to please. | |predicate. |She is easy to deal with. | |predicative |She is pleasant to look at. | |part of a predicative |The article is difficult to | | |translate. | | |He was difficult to convince. | |Object(дополнение). |To order, to agree, to forget, | | |to remember… | | |To be glad, to be happy, to be | | |delighted… | | |To order, to teach, to ask. To | | |help, to assist, to tell, to | | |instruct, to request, to advise,| | |to beg, to invite, to encourage…| | | | | |To find, to consider, to think, | | |to make, to feel | | |It | | |{Interesting, necessary, | | |impossible, cruel, useful, | | |hopeful, hopeless} to do smth. | |Attribute(определение). |Class nouns. | | |Abstract nouns | | |Experience of quantity (much, | | |little..) | | |Indefinite pronouns (smb, | | |anybody…) | | |The adjective last. | | |Ordinal numerals ( the 1st, | | |2nd..) | |Adverbial modifier | | |(обстоятельство) | | |of purpose. |By the conjunctions in order, so| | |as. | | |Without any conjunction. | |of result |Too hot (skilled, excited, | | |shocked, frightened, impressed, | | |angry) to do smth. | | |Clever (experienced, skilled, | | |strong, old, sharp, brave) | | |enough to do smth. | | |So cruel (impressed, careless) | | |as to do smth. | | |Such a man ( a fool, a woman, a | | |son, a student, a sportsmen) as | | |to do smth. | |comparison (manner) (сравнение) |By the conjunctions as if, than,| | |as though. | | |The adverb never, the particle | |attendant circumstances |only. | |(сопутствующих обстоятельств) | | | |By the conjunctions as if, as | | |thought, than | | | | | | | | |Adverb never, the participle | | |only | |Parenthesis (вводные слова). |To cut a long story short, to | | |put it in a nutshell (короче | | |говоря). | | |To say the least (чтобы не | | |сказать больше). | | |To tell you the truth – to speak| | |the truth (по правде говоря). | | |To put it mildly (мягко говоря).| | | | | |To say nothing of (не говоря | | |уже) | | |To be frank (откравенно говоря).| |A complex object. |Without the particle to: | | |after verbs of sense perception | | |(to see, to hear, to watch, to | | |observe, to notice, to feel) | | |After verbs of compulsion | | |(принуждение) (то make, to have).| | | | | |After the verb to let. | | |Without particle to: | | |After verbs denoting mental | | |ability (интеллектуальные): to | | |know, to think, to consider, to | | |believe, to suppose, to expect, | | |to find, to understand. | | |After the verbs denoting | | |declaring: to pronounce, to | | |declare, to report; wish & | | |intention: to want, to wish, to | | |desire, should like, to intend, | | |to mean; after verbs denoting | | |feeling & emotion: to like, to | | |dislike, to love to hate, cannot | | |bear. | | |After verbs denoting order & | | |permission: to order, to allow. | |Objective infinitive |1. After verbs denoting sense | |construction |perception: to hear, to see, to | | |watch, to observe, to notice, | | |etc. | | |(only the Indefinite Infinitive | | |Active is used. If the meaning is| | |passive we use Participle II) | | |Note: to see=to understand: we | | |don’t use the construction. | | |To hear=to lern, to be told: we | | |use a clause of a gerund. | | |2.After verbs denoting mental | | |activity: to know, to think, to | | |consider, to believe, to suppose,| | |to expect, to imagine, to find, | | |to feel, to trust, etc. After | | |them- to be( not after expect). | | |Perfect Infinitive is seldom | | |used. | | |3.After verbs of declaring: to | | |pronounce, to declare, to report.| | | | | |After verbs denoting wish & | | |intention: to want, to wish, to | | |desire, to mean, to intend, to | | |choose. | | |After verbs denoting feeling & | | |emotions: to like, to dislike, to| | |love, to hate, cannot bear, etc. | | |After verbs denoting order & | | |permission: to order, to allow, | | |to suffer, to have, etc. !!! | | |Only if the object is expressed | | |by a noun or pronoun denoting a | | |lifeless thing or when the | | |infinitive is passive( not for to| | |suffer & to have. | | |After verbs denoting compulsion: | | |to to make(заставить), to | | |cause(заставить, распорядиться), | | |to get(добиться), to | | |have(заставить, сказать, чтобы). | | |With the preposition for, on & | | |upon(after to rely) | |The Subjective Infinitive |With verbs denoting sense | |construction. |perception: to see, to hear, | | |etc.(If a process is expressed | | |Participle I is used). | | |With verbs denoting mental | | |activity: to think, to consider, | | |to know, to believe, to suppose. | | |With the verb to make. | | |With verbs to say & to report( | | |translation-неопределённо-личное | | |предложение). | | |With the verbs to be likely, to | | |be sure, to be certain. | | |With pairs of synonyms: to seem &| | |to appear, to happen & to | | |chance(случайно), to prove & to | | |turn out(оказалось). | |The For-to-Infinitive |The Subject(often with the | |Construction |introductory it) | | |Predicative | | |Complex object. | | |Attribute. | | |Adverbial modifier | | |a)of purpose | | |b)of result |